*WAEC GCE GEOGRAPHY PRACTICAL*
*NUMBER FOUR*
(4a)
Weathering is the physical, chemical, and biological processes that break down and alter rocks and minerals at or near the Earth’s surface. This process occurs due to the interaction between the rock and the surrounding environment, such as water, air, and living organisms.
(4b)
Exfoliation is a specific type of weathering process where thin, concentric layers of rock peel off or “exfoliate” from the surface of a rock. This process is primarily driven by the expansion and contraction of the rock due to changes in temperature. As the rock heats up during the day, it expands, and as it cools at night, it contracts. Over time, this repeated expansion and contraction can cause the outer layers of the rock to peel off, creating a characteristic “peeled” or “onion-skin” appearance.
(4c)
(PICK ANY THREE)
(i) Climate: The temperature, precipitation, and humidity of the environment can greatly affect the weathering processes. Regions with higher temperatures, more rainfall, and greater fluctuations in temperature tend to experience more rapid weathering.
(ii) Rock type and composition: Different types of rocks and minerals have varying degrees of resistance to weathering. Harder, more durable rocks, such as granite, tend to weather more slowly than softer, more soluble rocks, like limestone.
(iii) Rock structure: The internal structure and fractures within a rock can affect the rate of weathering. Rocks with more cracks and joints tend to weather more quickly, as water and other agents can penetrate and break down the rock more easily.
(iv) Slope and topography: The angle of the slope and the overall topography of the landscape can influence the rate of weathering. Steeper slopes tend to experience more rapid weathering due to increased surface exposure and the effects of gravity.
(v) Biological activity: Living organisms, such as plants, fungi, and microorganisms, can contribute to weathering through various processes, such as the production of acids, the expansion of roots, and the physical disruption of rock surfaces.
(vi) Time: Weathering is a gradual, ongoing process, and the longer a rock is exposed to the environment, the more it will be affected by weathering. Over time, the cumulative effects of weathering can significantly alter the appearance and composition of rocks.
*WAEC GCE GEOGRAPHY PRACTICAL*
*NUMBER FIVE*
(5a)
(PICK ANY THREE)
(i) Erosion
(ii) Suspension
(iii) Saltation
(iv) Traction
(v) Deposition
(vi) Channel migration
(5b)
(PICK ANY THREE)
(i) Meandering: The river develops a sinuous, winding course with meanders and oxbow lakes.
(ii) Braided channels: The river may split into multiple, braided channels, especially in areas with high sediment loads.
(iii) Steep gradient: The river’s gradient is steeper than in the lower course, allowing for faster flow and more erosion
(iv) Widening and deepening: The river’s channel becomes wider and deeper as it erodes its banks and bed.
(v) Tributary inputs: The river receives water and sediment from various tributaries, influencing its flow and morphology.
(vi) Alluvial floodplain: The river’s meandering and erosion create a wide, flat alluvial floodplain on either side of the channel.
(5c)
(PICK ANY THREE)
(i) Drainage basin reorganization: River capture can lead to changes in the size and shape of drainage basins, affecting the distribution of water resources.
(ii) Increased erosion and sediment transport: The capture process can increase the river’s erosive power, leading to the removal of more material from the landscape.
(iii) Changes in flow regime: River capture can alter the flow regime of the captured river, affecting water availability and ecosystem dynamics.
(iv) Hydroelectric power potential: The increased flow and gradient of the captured river may create new opportunities for hydroelectric power generation.
(v) Shifts in human settlement and economic activities: River capture can lead to changes in the distribution of human settlements and economic activities along the affected rivers.
(vi) Ecological impacts: River capture can have significant impacts on aquatic and riparian ecosystems, affecting the distribution and abundance of species.
*WAEC GCE GEOGRAPHY PRACTICAL*
*NUMBER SIX*
(6a)
(PICK ANY THREE)
(i) Rain
(ii) Snow
(iii) Sleet
(iv) Hail
(v) Drizzle
(vi) Freezing rain
(6b)
=CHARACTERISTICS=
(i) Common in tropical regions and during summer in temperate zones.
(ii) Occurs in the afternoon when the sun’s heat is strongest.
(iii) Often associated with towering cumulonimbus clouds.
(iv) Accompanied by thunderstorms, lightning, and strong winds.
=MODE OF FORMATION=
(i) The sun heats the Earth’s surface, causing the air near the ground to warm up.
(ii) Warm air becomes lighter and rises rapidly into the atmosphere.
(iii) As it rises, the air expands and cools due to decreasing pressure.
(iv) Cooling causes the air to reach its dew point, leading to condensation of water vapor into tiny droplets.
(v) These droplets combine to form clouds, and continued rising leads to the formation of cumulonimbus clouds.
(vi) When the droplets in the clouds become heavy enough, they fall to the ground as precipitation, often as heavy rainfall.
*WAEC GCE GEOGRAPHY PRACTICAL*
(8a)
Environmental conservation is the practice of protecting, managing, and restoring the natural environment to ensure its sustainability and prevent the depletion of natural resources for future generations.
(8b)
(PICK ANY FOUR)
(i)Climate Change
(ii)Deforestation
(iii)Overgrazing
(iv)Overuse of Water Resources
(v)Natural Variability
(8c)
(PICK ANY TWO)
(i)Burning Fossil Fuels:
The combustion of coal, oil, and natural gas for energy releases large amounts of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide and methane , contributing to global warming
(ii)Deforestation:
Cutting down forests reduces the number of trees available to absorb carbon dioxide. through photosynthesis. This increases carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere, contributing to the greenhouse effect and climate change.
(iii)Agricultural Activities:
Livestock farming produces methane from enteric fermentation in animals, while the use of nitrogen-based fertilizers releases nitrous oxide , a potent greenhouse gas.
(iv)Industrial Emissions:
Factories release various pollutants, including carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and volatile organic compounds . These substances contribute to ozone depletion, acid rain, and the formation of smog.
*WAEC GCE GEOGRAPHY*
(7a)
(PICK ANY THREE)
(i)Sandstone
(ii)Shale
(iii)Conglomerate
(iv)Breccia
(v)Siltstone
(vi)Mudstone
(vii)Claystone
(viii)Loess
(7b)
Mechanically formed sedimentary rocks are created from the accumulation, compaction, and cementation of sediments that are transported by physical processes such as wind, water, ice, or gravity. These sediments originate from the weathering and erosion of pre-existing rocks and are deposited in layers in environments like rivers, lakes, deserts, and oceans.
(7c)
(PICK ANY THREE)
(i)Rocks like granite and limestone are used in building and construction.
(ii)Minerals in rocks are used in industries for manufacturing products like cement and glass.
(iii)Weathered rocks provide the basis for soil development.
(iv)Rocks are used in monuments, sculptures, and jewelry.
(v)Rocks contain fossil fuels like coal and oil that is good energy resources for mankind
